History of Canadian Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Canadian Labor - Essay Example While plenty of research works paved the way for jotting down crucial historical components related to labor history in other countries, there wasn't too much of study materials for the historians to trace the labor history of Canada. However, with the publication of the Committee on Canadian Labour History, the history of Canadian labor, especially the changing context in the working class section, has assumed an important dimension. Historically, the working class people in Canada, despite their contribution to the economic growth and development of the country, and despite the fact that Canada has always depended more on factory production than service sectors, has remained in the shadows of negligence. The formation of trade unions in the 1880s and the working class revolt in the beginning of the twentieth century have played an important role in shaping the future of Canadian workers. Even today, majority of Canadians earn their livelihood from factory wages. But the changing sc enario is best reflected in the fact that most labors are not registered to unions in modern day Canada. It might be noted however that labor unions, at present or in the past, have been devising effective strategies to take the workers' issues to the respective higher authorities, and this draws the working class into joining unions in large numbers. This paper is going to critically examine the changing situations in the labor history of Canada, especially between 1940 and 1975. Systemization of labor was a major area of focus in Canadian history. This was important because bulk of nation's revenues came from large-scale production. In the 1870s, the living environment of labors in Canada was not at all healthy and conducive to profitable outcomes. So it was important to build a foundation that could lead to prosperity of the workers for the greater welfare of the nation. Incepted in 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters, the Knights of Labor was one of the prominent labor reformist organizations in the late nineteenth century. The main objective of this secret organization was to launch a campaign for cooperation and education among the working class fraternity, without gender or racial bias. The idea of maximizing the potential of skilled labors was given foremost priority. The age of rapid industrialization required deployment of efficient workers to get optimum output. While the experience and competency of veteran labors was an asset to the management, the youthful exuberance of the young working class brigade was nothing less an important area of contention. The integration of Canadian capitalism in the twentieth century brought a new era in working class history. Diversification of unions, the impending threat of a cold war, gender biases at workplaces, inconsistent wage structures and frequent workouts did not augur well for the overall economic growth of the country. Most workers lived a life of perpetual struggle for food, clothing and shelter. New managerial machinery, so to speak, was introduced to downsize excess workers. It sparked the labor unrest all the more as skilled labors did not appreciate the new rules. Earlier in the nineteenth century, majority of workers in Canada enjoyed supremacy at their workplaces. But

A Critical Analysis of Carol Ann Duffys Essay Example for Free

A Critical Analysis of Carol Ann Duffys Essay A Critical Analysis of Carol Ann Duffys In Mrs Tilschers Class In Mrs Tilschers Class by Carol Ann Duffy, many issues are addressed about her class that play a part in explaining the subjects of the poem. To begin with the content and subjects of the poem are based around a school year in Mrs Tilschers class. Her entire class is trapped and enthralled during the school day. They are taught information, into intricate detail. For example the poem begins with the line, you could travel up the blue Nile with your finger. This simply begins the world of imagination to which each and every child is subjected. Straight after that, the poem goes on to describe how the children are chanted the scenery of the world by Mrs Tilscher. She remarkably inserts images of geographical places, historical events and general knowledge firmly in the childrens brains. Tana, the great dam, Ethiopia, the last great King, Haile Selassie, Khartoum, where General Charles Gordon was assassinated on the step of the embassy and Lord Kitchener stepped in to relieve him at the siege. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline The great Aswi n dam was known about and also the great pyramids of Egypt. Children viewed books as enthralling, fascinating and enjoyable to read which was remarkable for children of such different backgrounds. Carol Ann Duffy often uses short, sharp sentences in this poem to get her message across quickly and clearly. The children viewed their life at school as better than home. In my view this must have been something remarkably different for the children to have rather spent more time at school time than at home. But why was this the case, there must have been something remarkably different for this to be true? In the second stanza we are probably told why, Mrs Tilscher loved you, we are told. She was kind, considerate, some mornings you found shed left a good gold star by your name. Although this is not much, it is the sentimental thought which counts, all the little things add up to the big factor that the children viewed her as another mother and she felt the same way. Surprisingly, within the second stanza Carol Ann Duffy inserts a reality with upsets the imaginary atmosphere. Brady and Hindley faded like a faint, uneasy smudge of a mistake. This poem was clearly written in the late sixties or early seventies as we are shown by the mention of Brady and Hindley. Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were convicted for abducting, sexually and mentally torturing and burying small children on the Lancashire moors. They were known as the moors murderers, at this stage in Britain all children were warned of such characters. Mrs Tilscher made it very clear to her children that there were such characters in the world and that they were safe within her classroom. She tried to warn them of the realities they may face in the future. The murderers are pictured in the poem as fading like a mistake. Perhaps Mrs Tilscher is trying to imply to the children that all people make mistakes and they are just fading in the distance. However it is clear that they will always be there and it is unlikely any of the children would forget that. Not only did Mrs Tilscher educate the children but she taught them vital lessons for example mistakes are the steppingstones to success and the theory and reasons behind forgiveness. Mentioning them in the middle of an idyllic situation reminded them of the unpleasantness which could not be kept away from the children. The use of alliteration is also used in this line with the words faded and faint. However in the third stanza the mood changes as the terms go on and the reality of future prospects draw nearer and nearer. The children are obviously growing up, both physically and mentally. The inky tadpoles changed from commas into exclamation marks, time is moving on. The children become more and more sexually inquisitive and the children become more and more fed up and tense. A dunce frees a few frogs simply to cause a bit of mischief, which amuses all the boys and a lot of girls, croaking around the playground. A rough boy told you how you were born this would have been a shock to many children as they were still young but the atmosphere in the class is constantly changing from one that is idyllic and seemingly unchangeable to one with an uncertain future and nervous inhabitants. Finally the final stanza is perhaps the key verse. A tangible alarm made you always untidy, hot, fractious under the heavy, sexy sky. This quote is once again emphasising the childrens natural sexual inquisitiveness as they gradually become aware of their hormones. You asked her how you were born and Mrs Tilscher smiled, then turned away. Mrs Tilscher and her children are in a state of innocence and what they ask is exactly what she tries to protect them from. She doesnt want them to become in contact with the outside world so therefore she is not going to tell them, as she does not want them to know. It is clear that Mrs Tilscher is looked on with affection and that she loves them and doesnt want them to grow up. The term comes to an end, all are impatient to grow up and gain more freedom, and prosper within the high hopes of their lives. You ran through the gates, impatient to be grown, as the sky split open into a thunderstorm, the sky splits, they are impatient to grow up and enjoy themselves. However it is clear that they do not know what quite to expect as a lot more comes with adulthood than meets the eye, for example life is complicated, decisions have to be made and many, many responsibilities are given to you. The language of the poem portrays few significant similes and metaphors. The only simile in the poem itself is in the second stanza, the classroom glowed like a sweetshop. This simile paints a fine, clear picture of what the atmosphere was like inside the classroom. We are informed that there is sugar paper and coloured shapes lining the walls, and glitter sparkling in the sunlight. The glowing sweetshop creates an atmosphere of happiness and security, almost as if it was possible to dip into. I find this simile very effective because this is a clear indication and description of the classroom. Enjoyable enough for all to delve into it and enter their imaginary world, this simile is the only one in the play, however it is extremely important and gives us a vivid impression of the room itself. Few metaphors are present throughout the poem; the laugh of a bell is significant by the fact that this was a privilege, to be happy, good and hardworking and to be awarded with the duty of bell ringing. From my view this was something most tried to achieve, not only was the bell laughing by the noise it made but the child swinging it, in a happy mood, swung the bell with enthusiasm and enjoyment. A xylophones nonsense which was heard coming from another class is a less significant metaphor, once again illustrating the picture of happiness that was achieved in Miss Tilschers class, as nonsense came from other classes. One other metaphor that appears in the fourth stanza is, the air tasted of electricity. This metaphor indicates a clear-cut change in the atmosphere. As storm clouds brew, a thunder and lightening storm is preparing to roar. The lassitude which penetrates the air is yet another indication that something different and new will soon happen. The final metaphor is that of, the sky split open, the sky splits, just like a crack in a bowl, and everyone is oblivious to what is going to come next. I find that this is the most effective of the metaphors as it is true. As one goes into adulthood, there is a sense of obliviousness and you often are ignorant to your surroundings, exactly what this metaphor implies. The first two stanzas of this poem are quite different to the last two. The poet divides the poem into four stanzas the first two have eight lines each, while the last two have seven lines each. The tone of the first two is pleasant and cosy, apart from the reality check of mentioning Brady and Hindley. The last two are very different. The tone changes and there is a sense of discomfort. A cosy, idyllic picture is painted in the first two stanzas with phrases such as, better than home, Mrs Tilscher loved you and gold stars. This is quite different from the last two as we are confronted be phrases such as feverish July, the air tasted of electricity, untidy, hot and heavy sexy sky. This poem is very descriptive by the use of many adjectives. Carol Ann Duffy constantly uses the word you. This suggests that she is implying it in a general sense towards each reader, as this is the sort of Primary School experience that most people went through. The poet has clearly made a division in the middle of the poem to emphasise the change, from good to bad. At the end of the poem, the metaphorical storm has been gathering since July. The sky splitting open suggests that knowledge and adulthood are nothing but a shock. YOU are subjected to the shocks of the thunderstorm of adulthood which all have to pass through. This is known as a rite of passage that everyone has to pass through. There is no obvious sense of rhythm nor is there a rhyming scheme in the poem. The sentences do not seem to flow clearly. This is probably because there are so many short sentences. Each line is about seven words long and very descriptive. This gives the impression that once again, great detail is used. The scent of a pencil slowly, carefully shaved, the use of alliteration here creates an atmosphere, which is so familiar to the readers. It is almost as if the reader finds it possible to enter Mrs Tilschers class just by the picture the poet paints in the poem. This poem is very true and realistic, as it happens to everyone, it is a rite of passage. The children leave Mrs Tilscher and remember her with great affection, as it is the end of an era, which shall never be forgotten by anyone who was taught by Mrs Tilscher. You grow up, from age to age, until you reach the thunderstorm of adulthood which all have to contend with.

It’s Time We Learn to Listen to Our Bodies Essay -- Health Nutrition D

It’s Time We Learn to Listen to Our Bodies Christine is my best friend. She is the kind of person anyone would love to know. She has the most wonderful personality. She is always there for me and knows just the right things to say. She is giving and caring to anyone she comes in contact with. She is helpful, understanding, and overweight. Like most women who struggle with their weight, she has tried every diet available and none have worked successfully. I see her fight this constant battle and feel her disappointment when she fails. Food is a consuming factor in her life and that is where her problem lies. To lose her weight and keep it off, she must learn to listen to her body's cues and eat when, what, and how much it asks for. Most weight problems start in early childhood. Babies are not capable of overeating. They want to eat when their bodies are hungry and they eat until their hunger is gone. Parents don't realize that they start creating bad habits in their children when they limit their baby's food intake or constantly shove bottles at them whenever they cry. As a c...

Killing a disabled infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person

According to the Utilitarian Philosopher, Peter Singer’s final paragraph in his article entitled, â€Å"Moral Maze†, â€Å"Killing a†¦person. Very†¦at all† (Singer, 2001). In support to his aforementioned claim, he argues that:First of all, he utilizes kids who suffer from a condition technically referred to as â€Å"Severe Spina Bifida† as an example, and reiterates that even if a surgery may be carried out later in the life of these children, it still does not change the fact that these patients are extremely unhappy because they would have to go through exceedingly painful and uneasy life experiences (Singer, 2001). This resulted in Singer’s belief that since a child will only live such an unhappy life, then it is not worth living at all, thus, the child should not suffer further and should be allowed to die instead (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life (Singer, 2001).Secondly, Singer upholds â€Å"utilitarianism† by encouraging the principle which states that an act is right if carried out to attain the greatest happiness and will benefit the greatest number as well (Will.., n.d.). He again picked another medical condition, which is technically known as â€Å"hemophilia† to restate his conviction (Singer, 2001). He says that killing the disabled infant will result in another newborn child with the possibility that the child will be happier, the parents would not have to worry about another child who suffers from â€Å"hemophilia† (Singer, 2001).Explaining further, without the child with hemophilia, the parents will not have to attend to painful bleedings which are difficult to clot if not impossible (Singer, 2001). When Singer says that greatest happiness, he means, the ch ildren will be attended to equally and adequately because there is no other child with hemophilia to share their parents’ time with; and at the same time, the parents will also be happy because they will not have to think endlessly about their sick child (Singer, 2001).In addition to that, when Singer says â€Å"greatest number†, he apparently refers to the unaffected normal children, the hemophiliac who no longer has to live a painful life, as well as, the parents who never have to worry (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done with the intention to attain the greatest happiness and to benefit the greatest number (Singer, 2001).Third, Singer believes that killing an infant who’s â€Å"physically challenged† is not killing an individual and that it is not an act which can be labeled as wrong bec ause here an abortion is carried out to hamper delivery of a child who according to prenatal diagnosis has â€Å"hemophilia† or â€Å"Down’s Syndrome† (Singer, 2001). In addition to that, he says that there should be fairness and equality in the sense that if fetuses’ lives are taken away through an abortion, then it should also be allowable that newborns who have â€Å"hemophilia† or â€Å"Down Syndrome† etc (Singer, 2001). Also, he adds that just like fetuses, newborns may also be restored or replaced (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to hamper the delivery of a â€Å"physically challenged† child, to institute fairness between fetuses and newborns, as well as, establish the fetuses and newborns’ ability to be replaced (Singer, 2001).Fourth, Singer’s co nviction is that killing a disabled or â€Å"physically challenged† infant is not wrong because he considers an infant as â€Å"still not human† (Singer, 2001). He says that since an infant does not yet have the ability to think critically, still very much dependent on the people surrounding him or her, and is not yet aware of the occurrences around him or her, thus, the infant is not yet qualified to be labeled as a human being (Singer, 2001). The aforementioned characteristics are extremely crucial for Singer since he pushes that, parents should be given the right to decide if it would be better for the child’s life to be taken away (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to help parents realize the characteristics the infant have and that they should be given the right to decide for their children because infants are not yet aware, still dependent, and cannot yet think and decide for themselves (Singer, 2001).Last but not least, Singer believes that killing a â€Å"physically challenged† infant is alright to prevent an infant to be born with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). His example is a case wherein a pregnant mother will have to wait for three months so as not to have a baby with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to make sure that such kind of waiting is worthy enough because it will produce a child without any medical condition (Singer, 2001).Meanwhile, I beg to disagree with one of Peter Singer’s convictions. If for him, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is d one to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life, then he might as well re-think about it (Singer, 2001). For example, even if the best reply to my objection is the fact that â€Å"Severe Spina Bifida† is incurable at the moment, this should not result in a final decision that the child be killed.In the first place, there are available therapies to manage such a condition, for instance, certain rehabilitations to motivate progress and hamper speedy worsening of the condition. Besides, there are several new researches that are ongoing with regards to how it may be managed. Besides, who’s to say that a disabled or â€Å"physically challenged† child will be exceedingly unhappy? Countless agreeable things can happen, but only if we resort and stick to current research, positive thinking, and our morals. On a final note, to assume that a disabled child will turn out to be very unhappy if he or she lives with such a condition is really unreasonable, thus, to kill a disabled infant for that simple reason is way wrong as well.ReferencesSinger, P. (2001). Moral Maze. Retrieved March 4, 2007 fromhttp://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/20010211.htmWill Durant Foundation. (n.d.). A Will Durant Glossary of Philosophical and ForeignWords. Retrieved March 4, 2007 from http://www.willdurant.com/glossary.htm

Who Am I

Australia, whose name is Bianca. I am currently 1 6 years of age. I have very strong opinions on many things and I like to debate people on what I believe is right. Sometimes that gets me into a lot of trouble but I stick to what I believe in the end. What defines me is my sense of knowing do belong. I am who I am, I am unique and different and I now that, that is okay, because everyone is unique and different too.I see myself as a bubbly person, who tends to keep her deeper thought and feelings to herself. Sometimes I'm insecure, sometimes I let little things hurt me, sometimes worry about petty little issues that won't matter in the next 10 years but that is just who I am now. Many life experiences have defined the person who I am today, and for that I am grateful.Although not all of hose experiences have been good, they have all been a learning experience for me and have helped shape the person I have become today. I wouldn't change anything I have experienced because I would be a different person. I wouldn't be as strong, as open to new things, wouldn't be as spontaneous, and I just wouldn't be me. Everything little thing every little stepping stone, every little bump has made me the person I am today and I am so proud of that. Who Am I Elegy/Repetition Who Am I Jennifer Leaf Who am I Don't know what to think Living every day Like It's the first 5 How could it get any worse About life They told me to Just Hold on tight 10 Lost and out of control Don't know who or where to turn Will they Just watch me burn 15 to afraid to fall Or am I afraid to loose it all Deniable, completely insane Will I ever find my way Will ever be the same Falling Down the drain Will I ever be someone 26 Or will I Just go out and run Day in And day out Don't know where to go 30 Every day Every night Trying to see the light All I know isWho I could be 35 It's all like a dream to 20 I want to scream and shout Don't know why I'm yelling out Who am 1 40 And I want to scream and shout There is no doubt about it Because I don't Know anymore 45 Too afraid to find life Through the darkness That I fight 50 Will I ever see the light Don't know where to turn to Don't know where to go I did, but now 55 I Just don't know to afraid to back down Vive been fi ghting all my life But now it's time to say goodbye but I will try to find my own light I will try to shine 60 â€Å"Who Am l† is an intensified poem about the question we all ask ourselves everyday our whole lives.Everyone does one of two things, accept the fact that they simply do not know or, pretend that they do. Life is full of questions that we cannot completely answer, Just ponder our entire lives. Within this poem, the phrase, who am l, is constantly repeated. This poem is an elegy, mourning the lost life and the answer to the question asked throughout the poem. The phrase reoccurring in the poem emphasizes the question everyone asks themselves and the question most think they know the answer to. No one can entirely know who they are and what the future might bring.As a result of really not knowing, they pretend they do. â€Å"Don't know who I am/ I did, but now/ I Just don't know (49-51). Or, if they do not pretend they know who they are, they try to be someone else because there life is not written in stone. For some, they might go absolutely insane trying to find the truth behind the unanswerable question. Who am I There is no doubt about it (35-38). The repetition gives the poem an intense look on life and shows signs of confusion, frustration, and anger. The passion in increased in every stanza due to the fact that he speaker keeps on repeating those three words.This allows the reader to imagine that the person in trapped in her own mind, that is about to explode, with no way out. With this repetition, the reader can see the pain in the speaker's words and how made her give up on everything else and is slowly eating her inside and killing her. She has one last attempt at trying to save herself by saying she can shine no matter what, but those three words enforce a tragic ending to her dark story. The elegy aspect of this poem is the loss of herself. The speaker Just gave up on life ND on herself and pities herself because she does not know who she is.The speaker does not realize that no one does and she will never know. Who am I Vive been fighting all my life But now it's time to say goodbye (57-60). The speaker has given up on life because she cannot face the world as an outcast anymore. She need something to be proud of, something to believe in, something to fight for. She does not have the will to keep going like a shadow lurking through the night. Due to the fact that the three words, who am I is slowly annihilating her, the elegy is mainly found in the repetition.She cannot escape from this tragic death and by the last two lines, you know she can no longer fight it and her death is mourned. Her pride and dignity are lost every time those three words are said and that is additionally mourned. Here lies the pride, dignity, and life of the speaker of the poem, she will be missed. I wrote this poem because self-influence and the influence of others is one of the most powerful things. The words in the poem show how b y wasting your life trying to answer and unanswerable question, you are leading ourselves into a trap that you cannot escape.These words can consume anyone and you can lead yourself to your own fatal end. By convincing yourself you have nothing to live for, you are blinding yourself from the truth behind the ever-so convincing lie. This poem is meant to have people believe in themselves and their capabilities and instead of trying to answer who you are as a person, embrace the mystery and be the best person you can be. â€Å"Who Am l† tells the world to fight for what you believe in, because there is always something to believe in. Who Am I â€Å"Who Am I† My name is and I will be telling you a little bit about my Background, interests, goals, and achievements. I am currently a junior at with my family of six which consists of my dad, mom, two younger brothers, and dog. I was born in a little town called Brownwood, Texas and moved to Illinois when I was 6 years old. Some of my interest vary for example I am an avid watcher of old television shows such as the Walton’s and threes company.Another one of my interests is listening to music my favorite type of genre of music is country and rock some of my favorite artist include Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Some of my goals that I hope to accomplish in the near future are attending the college of my choice, becoming a successful person in life and becoming a lawyer. Growing up as a child and until now, (My young adulthood) it has been mine and my parents dream for me to become a lawyer.I have decided to become a lawy er because I have always been fascinated with law, helping others with their problems, and the justice system. I have achieved many goals in my life my top achievements are graduating middle school, getting my driver’s license, and doing better in school. But I feel that getting my driver’s license is my greatest accomplishment of all because after getting my driver’s license I felt that I was in the stage of growing up and entering adulthood. I feel that my Background, goals, achievements, and interests all represent who I am and what I stand for. Who Am I â€Å"Who Am I† My name is and I will be telling you a little bit about my Background, interests, goals, and achievements. I am currently a junior at with my family of six which consists of my dad, mom, two younger brothers, and dog. I was born in a little town called Brownwood, Texas and moved to Illinois when I was 6 years old. Some of my interest vary for example I am an avid watcher of old television shows such as the Walton’s and threes company.Another one of my interests is listening to music my favorite type of genre of music is country and rock some of my favorite artist include Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Some of my goals that I hope to accomplish in the near future are attending the college of my choice, becoming a successful person in life and becoming a lawyer. Growing up as a child and until now, (My young adulthood) it has been mine and my parents dream for me to become a lawyer.I have decided to become a lawy er because I have always been fascinated with law, helping others with their problems, and the justice system. I have achieved many goals in my life my top achievements are graduating middle school, getting my driver’s license, and doing better in school. But I feel that getting my driver’s license is my greatest accomplishment of all because after getting my driver’s license I felt that I was in the stage of growing up and entering adulthood. I feel that my Background, goals, achievements, and interests all represent who I am and what I stand for.

buy custom Brief History of the Group essay

buy custom Brief History of the Group essay Business and trade associations are the most common types of economic interest groups. The US Chamber of Commerce is under the umbrella of business associations and made up of over 160 of their chief executive officers of the largest industrial, commercial and financial businesses in the country (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 223). These associations represent some of the most powerful interests of corporate America. The United States Chamber of Commerce was formed in 1912 by a group of leading municipal chambers and trade associations. The interest group represents a wide range of business interests in a given city or state (Boyer and Dubofsky 111). It is often led by bankers, realtors and representatives of other service industries. Boyer and Dubofsky say that the United States Chamber of Commerce was less confrontational than other organizations and it encouraged its members to accommodate to changing patterns of labor relations and political regulation (111). The United States Chamber of Commerce cooperated closely with the federal government in mobilizing the economy for World War I. Boyer and Dubofsky say that the United States Chamber of Commerce initially attempted to work with the New Deal but like the larger business community that it represented grew increasingly disenchanted with many of Roosevelt policies (111). While the United States Chamber of Commerce took part in the post-war business backlash against the New Deal, it also acted as a leading business advocate for a limited welfare state built on public spending and the politics of growth. Boyer and Dubofsky also noted that after the 1930s, the US Chamber of Commerce was led by a loose coalition of internationalists, shippers, exporters, bankers and natural resource interests (111). Policy it Attempts to Influence Countries under Anglo-American legal system do not have extraordinary law on chambers of commerce which belong to the group of legal persons in private law (Yuwen 39). The chamber of commerce tries to establish an idea of any enterprise or private person without the need for obtaining endorsement by a government department. Industrial and commercial enterprises are free to join or withdraw from a chamber of commerce. It should also be noted that a chamber of commerce is free to choose its own functions and tasks and is entirely reliant on membership fees, service fees and voluntary donations for its operation. US laws provides for policies and treatments relating to chambers of commerce. One of the major functions of the chambers of commerce is that they take part in policy lobbying, promoting legislation, and giving momentum to the development of an industry by publishing pertinent satistics and setting industrial standards. Yuwen says that the US Chamber of Commerce also harmonizes prices; takes part in anti-dumping actions in international trade and at the same time offers various consultative and training services for members (39). The US Chamber of Commerce aims to encourage the free development and competition of industrial and commercial enterprise and uphold their lawful rights and interests. The US Chamber of Commerce policy insists that an independent administrative agency should fix the tariff rates within the limits of such guiding principles. The state level chambers of commerce establish, maintain and support facilities conducive to the development of industry and individual commerce. The group plays a major role in the registration process and alteration the registration of firms. The US Chamber of Commerce participates in enterprise bankruptcy mediation procedures and even intervenes in clearance sales of firms. Yuwen says that members of a Chamber of Commerce as industrial commercial enterprises share the cost of the chamber by paying taxes and registration fee (39). The operation of the chamber remains under the supervision of the government and some of its decisions are the subject to approval by federal government (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 223). Tools and Tactics One of the major tools used by this interest group is the influence of its size. This tool enables the group to influence various government organs and departments to push its agenda. Corporate interest groups that are not membership organizations and trade associations generally have relatively few members and, therefore, they should not pay much attention to membership size (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 219). The US Chamber of Commerce can persuade elected representatives, administrators, and congressional staff that they can marshal their membership behind a policy hence size becomes very significant (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 219). One of the major tools used by the Chamber of Commerce is to lobby with facts (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 221). On the other hand, money counts although it is only one of the many tools used by the interest group to influence the government. Another important tactic used by the group is unity. The chamber of commerce groups power is strongly influenced by the unity of its members. When there is no unity on an issue, its control on the policymaking process drops significantly, even if the chambers interest is fundamental. The size and unity of the US Chambers of Commerce does not necessarily ensure success. Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick say that the group has leaders who command reverence and who can articulate and sstand for the issues and demands of the industry (220). Without such leadership, the chamber of commerce is headless and more often than is not ineffective in pushing its goals and objectives. Success of the Group Based on its Tactics Faced with the need to make decisions on a range of issues, the group should have credible and trustworthy information. The chamber of commerce that can present its expertise cogently and convincingly has a distinct advantage over less informed and less articulate organizations. The US Chamber of Commerce success is based on the effectiveness of its expertise. The success of the group is also grounded on the execution of its mandates and the perception of the groups motives. Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick also say that the US Chamber of Commerce receives dues from their corporate and individual members. Many companies use corporate funds to cover the cost of maintaining the US Chamber of Commerce. Despite the fact the chamber of commerce is challenged effectively by various organizations, other interest groups can have a significant impact on the influence and power of the US Chamber of Commerce. Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick say that in effect the larger and more powerful the countervailing forces are, the less power an opposing interest group will have (221). Lack of countervailing forces can give the US Chamber of Commerce with a monopoly in influencing the policies and programs linked with it. The US Chamber of Commerce is successful as a result of its size, unity, leadership, expertise and funds (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 221). The US Chamber of Commerce should not have all of the tools and tactics to be successful, but the more it has the better. More often than not, success of the US Chamber of Commerce comes from effectively combining the groups resources and the tactics used to influence policymaking. The US Chamber of Commerce has over the time proven itself as a source of dependable information. Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick say that the chamber of commerce success emanates from sharing its expertise at congressional hearings, presenting research or technical information or discussing the impact of a bill on national, state or local interests (223). In conclusion, the US Chamber of Commerce functions within the law. The US Congress has found it necessary from time to time to pass laws regulating these groups and their representatives. On the basis of its relationship with the government, the US Chamber of Commerce operations and actions are governed by the rule that they should uphold honesty. The success of the group comes from knowing and addressing important and critical concerns of the business and trade industry. 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Selecting great descriptive essay topics

Selecting great descriptive essay topics Descriptive vs. narrative Being a student you have to do a wide range of assignments. One of them is writing different types of essays such as descriptive, argumentative, narrative, etc. Surely, all academic works discuss particular ideas. However, each of them has its peculiarities of writing and purpose. For example, papers produced on descriptive essay topics portray places, people, or even events, while narratives are like literary compositions. They tell us stories about the participants of some events. Essay Writing Battle: Descriptive vs. Narrative Narrative Papers These works deal with describing writer’s experience. Thus, they explain how particular events or situations have influenced the author. Narrations have a lot in common with stories. The main purpose of such type of essays is to inform readers about the events that the author has participated in. As to topics for writing narratives, they are numerous. Therefore, you may write about your new job, first day at college, a key moment that has changed your outlook, etc. A fine narrative essay example may help you find out how to concentrate on the central point of the work. Note that narrations do not necessarily talk about author’s experience. For instance, book reviews are also considered narratives as they retell the events described in a book.Descriptive Works When writing descriptive essays, you should provide vivid details of the discussed objects or people to help readers imagine the described events clearly. Thus, when reading your work, users will sense the atmosphere of the described time period. It will not be hard to select a topic for your paper as there are a lot of original subjects. Therefore, you may write about your favorite things, your best friend, ideal journey, etc. By the way, great descriptive essay examples may help you understand how different topics are analyzed.Similar Features Descriptive and narrative papers have the same structure. They include an introduction, body section, and conclusion. Analyze clear personal narrative essay examples to see how your piece of writing should be constructed. Note that a thesis statement should be written at the end of the introductory paragraph. It usually presents the aim of writing a particular work. Therefore, you need to explain why the analyzed subject is worth examining. Both types of papers should state concrete facts in the body section to develop the point presented in the thesis. Contrasting Peculiarities If you examine narrative essay examples, you will see that this paper is written in the first person unlike a descriptive one. Thus, such pronouns as â€Å"I, me† are often used. Besides, narration describes people’s actions, while descriptive works do not. Furthermore, narrations provide a logical flow of information. On the contrary, works written on descriptive essay topics may be organized in the way the author wants. Astonishing Narrative Essay Topics for Producing Unique Essays Describe your phenomenal non-academic success and explain readers how you have managed to achieve it. Specify who you would like to carry out an interview with. Characterize your image in the social networks. Explain what sports clubs mean to you. Tell readers how you have received an excellent grade in the most challenging college project. Talk about the gadgets, which you consider irreplaceable (one of the narrative essay topics which you will consider engaging). Describe the most pleasant time, which you have spent with one of your family members. Talk about the position of males and females in the society. The most wondrous deed you have ever performed. The place of TV programs in your life. State the reasons for writing/not writing a journal. Describe your feelings when you have undergone unusual experience. Talk about the moment when you have realized that physical appearance can be deceptive. Specify the books or films that have changed your outlook on life. Tell what supernatural powers you would crave to have. Explain what kind of vacation you are dreaming of. Describe the most memorable trip you have gone on with your friends. Describe your way of spending spring vacations. Does your family follow any unusual traditions? Tell readers about them. Where would you go on holidays if you could choose the location? What holidays spent with your family do you consider unforgettable? Would you like to go into space? How can you describe your space journey? Have you ever thought about changing the place of living? Talk about your diving experience. Assess the impact of travelling on your life. Describe the sights which you regard the most impressive. Tell about the most fascinating vacation. Exceptional Descriptive Essay Topics Describe your mother or any other family member. Portray your role model, e.g. your favorite singer, painter, etc. Do you believe John Kennedy deserves appreciation? Tell what your favorite movie or cartoon character is and describe it. What is your favorite antihero? Why? What qualities of your classmates do you find superior? State what traits of your husband/wife, girlfriend/boyfriend make them special. Which of the mentioned characters do you find attractive: Xena, Charmed, or Wonder Woman? Write an essay describing your favorite professor. Why is Margaret Thatcher regarded as an outstanding political figure? Present her contribution to the political development of Great Britain. Provide the arguments proving that your favorite singer is better than other well-known artists. Analyze the behavior of a specific person in a concrete situation. What influences your own behavior? Indicate the main situational factors. Portray a person whom you detest. Describe the movie, which you consider awful. Create an essay about the movie character, which you find extremely scary. What would you say to one of your favorite superstars if you met them on the street? How would you identify the notion â€Å"true friend†? How would you describe your enemies? State why you consider friendship between men and women possible. Share your own experience. Write a paper focused on the business person who you regard successful. What qualities should an experienced top model have? The place of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the USA. Prepare an essay illustrating the traits that make your mother outshine other mothers. What makes your father the most caring father in the world? Describe your house in detail. Is there anything about it what you would like to alter? How do you consider moving to another house/city? Where would you desire to go the next summer? Describe an impeccable place for having a rest in winter. What winter spot do you find the most dangerous? Some learners desire to describe their rooms in their dorms. Put forward constructive ideas about what steps should be taken to make the campus a better place for living. What is your favorite place in your home country? How do you see a suitable place for celebrating a golden wedding anniversary? Present your ideas in a coherent essay. Vividly describe the place where people can see the Moon eclipse (this is rather an unusual theme among other narrative essay topics). What a perfect place to organize a loud party should look like? What countries do you crave to visit? My native city is the place where I belong. Why is Melbourne considered the soul of Australia even though it is not its capital? Tell readers about the most boring spot you have ever visited. What is the most spectacular spot in the word from the tourists’ point of view? Write an essay providing information about the educational establishment you are studying. Talk about the places you have visited with your parents when being a child. Describe the most thrilling flower festival you have ever been to. What location would you select to organize a pop concert? Describe Seven Wonders of the World in an extraordinary way. What things/sights do you consider the major wonders of the world? What feelings do you experience when meeting friends from your childhood? Compose an essay highlighting the benefits of living in your home country. Describe your route to a specific place. Where can one organize a wild student party? Your favorite place from a historical fiction. Describe the feelings that arise when you think about a close friend whom you have lost. What activities do you like undertaking together with your grandparents? Tell readers about a significant event which you have participated in during studies. What did you feel when you first rode a horse? Describe the event that has changed your whole life completely. Perhaps it was a conversation with someone, photo shoot, etc. What things do kids memorize best of all? Create a piece of writing describing the feelings a person experiences when walking in the mountains.

Introduction to Electricity and Electronics

Introduction to Electricity and Electronics Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons.  All matter is made up of atoms, which has a center called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. And when electrons are lost from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Humans and electricity Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Humans get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear power. The original natural sources of electricity are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned  water wheels  to perform work. And before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with  Benjamin Franklins  experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, everyones life changed with the invention of the electric  light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. The lightbulbs invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. Generating electricity An electric generator (Long ago, a machine that generated electricity was named dynamo todays preferred term is generator) is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. When a wire or any other electrically conductive material moves across a magnetic field, an electric current occurs in the wire. The large generators used by the electric utility industry have a stationary conductor. A magnet attached to the end of a rotating shaft is positioned inside a stationary conducting ring that is wrapped with a long, continuous piece of wire. When the magnet rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of wire as it passes. Each section of wire constitutes a small, separate electric conductor. All the small currents of individual sections add up to one current of considerable size. This current is what is used for electric power. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to electricity. Steam turbines, internal-combustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.

Blockbuster Organizational Failure Research Paper

Blockbuster Organizational Failure - Research Paper Example At the same time, it also created numerous challenges in the market place regarding competitiveness, innovativeness as well as sustainability, which has greatly influenced company sustainability in many sectors. Focused on a similar notion, this paper will entail critical analyzes regarding the failure of Blockbuster LLC, which was formerly recognized as Blockbuster Inc. Overview of Blockbuster Organization Blockbuster is a global retail chain, which offers a vivid array of video games, home movie and rental services for DVDs and VCDs at reasonable price to its discriminating global customers. Besides, the organization is also dedicated to provide its customers with adequate product choices and unique purchasing experiences. Currently, Blockbuster is operating with more than 2,500 retail stores spread worldwide. Being an American MNC, the company owns its maximum number of retail stores in the US, apart from Europe, Asia and Australia. The primary objectives of the company over the y ears have been to provide a world class entertainment experience to the consumers with a vivid assortment of movie and game genres, serving to around 90 million people all around the world (Blockbuster, 2013). Irrespective of its success since its establishment, with the increasing pressure of competition in the global platform, the company had to witness a decline in its revenue structure. It was in the year 2010 that the organization filed for bankruptcy and was consequently acquired by Dish Network (Almeida, 2011). Analysis of the Organizational Failure Factors In order to analyze the reasons behind the failure of Blockbuster, the following subject areas will be taken into consideration, which shall be helpful to obtain an in-depth understanding of the role played by various external and internal business environment factors to secure the sustainability of a company in the long-run. Competitive Advantage According to Michael E. Porter (2008) competitive advantage is a strategy of gaining benefit over competitors by offering customers high value through reasonable price, good product quality, product variety, innovativeness as along with other value added services (Porter, 2008). In the current phenomenon, competitive advantages are not only necessary to assist a company in obtaining larger market share, greater profit and brand value, but it is also necessary to assure long-term leadership position of the company, in the modern era. However, when studying the incident of Blockbuster’s failure, it can be observed that the most significant aspect of competitive advantage is to guarantee the sustenance of a company, apart from the aforementioned benefits. It is in this context that apparently, due to its business model limitations, Blockbuster was in a competitively disadvantageous position. The industry context can be accounted as responsible in this regard, to a large extent. The current market structure of the entertainment industry tends to be highl y volatile, where both the suppliers and the customers possess high degree of bargaining power, majorly due to the availability of close substitutes. Additionally, with frequent occurrences of forward and backward acquisition and mergers, Blockbuster also had to witness the threat of new entrants. Hence, given the limitations of the business model followed by the organization in terms of ill fit with external environmental changes, rigidness to adapt innovative ideas and cost as well as time intensive characteristic, the organization failed to preserve its

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Case study - Essay Example It will explore the aspect of euthanasia and its interrelation with the Hippocratic Oath where the doctors have to make a decision whether to save their lives or to let the patients die willingly. It will also explore the issue of legal consent obliged to the patients. The essay argues that doctors have a moral duty to save patients lives according to the Hippocratic Oath. Patients suffering from terminal illnesses sometimes give up and prefer death to pain. John’s case is an example of a patient who has given up and wants death through euthanasia. Hopelessness is one of the factors that associates with euthanasia and is a contributor of early death. It is characterized by the patient’s loss of fighting spirit due to factors such as poor prognosis, pain, undesirable effects of treatment and rapid deterioration of health and advancement of illness. Most patients with terminal cancer usually have a sense of hopelessness and in many times lose the self-control and the self-belief that they can prolong their life. Loss of control makes them to consider decisions such suicide and euthanasia (DeGrazia 42). Other Issues such extreme suffering and high medical bills can easily convince the patient to consider euthanasia. In such a case, the doctors should practice positive psychology and instill hope and optimism that they will do everything in their ability to help the patient recover and continue with life. Doctors should encourage patients to take control of all aspects of their lives and have a fighting spirit. In John’s case, Dr. R and Dr. S should have dissuaded Mr. John H from taking such a decision and that there was still a chance that John would survive. At the time John made such a decision, the two doctors had some chance of trying to improve John’s health even though it was in a deterioration state. It is the role of healthcare providers to provide

Xala by Sembene Ousmane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Xala by Sembene Ousmane - Essay Example â€Å"Xala† articulates the emerging African world, freed from the rule by France. Once the colonial powers exploited the African people; now it is the turn of the rich and the influential to continue with that legacy. The protagonist in the novel El Hadji Abdou Kader Beye is an associate of the forum of businessmen of the country who have joined together to take charge of the country’s economy and apparently to check the inflow of foreign capital. That was just a superficial act. Such businessmen were hand in glove with the foreign businessmen even after the country attained independence. Their disposition was only for public consumption and to mislead the gullible people of the country. The newly formed coterie, of which El Hadji was involved, used approaches and principles identical to that of the colonial businessmen whose place they had occupied. For aggrandizement of power and wealth, they employed corrupt and dubious methods. The colonial powers had left behind t hem a poor Senegalese economy with weak infrastructure. The societal norms were still guided on non-traditional lines with unequal relationships between the two genders. El Hadji intelligently clubs the tenets of Islam to his business goals. Means are of no consequence to him for profiteering and being a Muslim, his status symbol is the number of wives he owns and their palatial houses. His manipulation of the tenets of Islam does not yield good results in the long run and the law of divine retribution works to undo his ill-gotten wealth. The author has something stunning to reveal about the male/female relationships in the country where majority of the people practice Islam. Muslim women are not powerless, as articulated by the Western scholars and sociologists, but while remaining within the four walls of the house, they exercise power in their unique style and dominate men. The gender relations El Hadji’s wives are not quiet and submissive women. The author also introduces another strong woman, Yay Bineta. El Hadji’s third marriage transpires not because he wants it, but on account of the guile of Yay Bineta. El Hadji submits to her manipulations and is compelled to accept her judgment into marrying. The author writes, she "did battle with [El Hadji] in the ancient, allegorical language preserved by custom."(7) During the arguments and counterarguments her feminine viciousness and biting language is liberally employed and she chides him that he is scared of women. His bravado is just an exhibition for showing to the outside world and she castigates him that his wives wear trousers within the house. Such observations must have hurt the ego of El Hadji. Thus the author succinctly argues that the Muslim men in Senegal are the tools in the hands of their wives and they dance to their tunes. Women in Muslim families are generally figured out as humble servants confined to the four walls of the house and they have no freedom whatsoever. They may be restricted when they go out of house on special occasions accompanied by husband or any other male member, but inside the house their rule prevails. The depiction by the western historians is faulty and women are not meek and obedient. El Haldji commands his wives, but their reactions cannot be taken for granted. His wife number two, Oumi N†Doye is a skillful manipulator and she has perfected the art of torturing him mentally and gets her demands fulfilled from him. El Haldji is just the supporter of the three families and he does not enjoy their genuine affection and his bunch of children invariably greets him to demand money. His energies are spent in managing his business and more so his families. When in the end he suffers losses in business his wives desert him. His wife number one stays with him till the end. By depicting the life of El Haldji, the author depicts the societal conditions

A CRITIQUE OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE FROM A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL Essay

A CRITIQUE OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE FROM A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL - Essay Example In this assignment, this reviewer will critically review a research article from a professional journal (Baldwin, K. M., & Nail, L. M., 2000). The purpose of any critical review is better understanding and learning so new knowledge is build. Moreover, critical thinking is an important acumen for the present day healthcare professionals where professional standards need to be updated in order to provide clients with the best possible care based on evidence (Fink, A., 1998). Healthcare research has advanced keeping pace with the advancement of modern technology guided healthcare practice, and the best evidence can be obtained from the professional medical journals. The most interesting fact is that evidence from professional journals from research articles needs to be gleaned with critical examination of the facts, findings, and reasoning presented there (Bailey, D. , 1997). In other words, the facts presented in a scientific research must be questioned in order to establish the logic of the findings presented there. This can be only done by a systematic review of the article in light of the theoretical paradigms of research methodology that establishes the strength and power of the findings that can serve as evidence (White S & Stracombe J., 2003). Therefore, this author has chosen an article from a journal that is related to her practice and expects that critically reviewing this article would serve to provide evidence that can be utilized in practice in order to upgrade it. The process of evidence-based practice is dependent on the theoretical framework that clinical decisions are as far as possible informed by current research evidence (Sterling,Y. M., 2001). Critical review converts the process of seeking information from research into a series of clear questions that need to be answered clearly, so the truthfulness and usefulness of the research in practice can

Metal children Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Metal children - Movie Review Example This is a play that displays mixed themes, ranging from teenage sexuality, suicide, censorship and even murder. It adds the theme of religious conflict, where culture seems to conflict with the religious standings of the residents living in the heartland of America. There is a tag of war between the residents who have a liberal mind and a sense of cultural sophistication on one hand, and the self-righteous Christians who are closed minded, on the other hand. The play progresses with Tobin’s determination to fight his critics, eventually leading to a show between him and his critics, where the strict Christians and the non-liberal minded residents engage him in the unsuitability of his book (Rapp, 33). This twist is added by the young girls who are committed to copy the book’s heroine, through engaging in teenage sexuality activities, creating more stir in this society. The emotional instability of Tobin is revealed when he arrives at Midlothia, to attend a board meeting that is convened to discuss this issue. He is not in a state of sanity that can allow him to engage in a rational debate over the banning of his book. However, Tobin is impressed by the fact that everybody in the streets seems to know about his book. The book is so controversial that even the manager of the motel where the meeting is to take place, Edith, has been reading the book two times, and is now reading it for the third time, without being certain whether to support or be against the book (Rapp, 81). The situation is even worse for the English teacher, who has become the target of the vigilante groups opposing the book, following her passionate defense of the book and its writer. The groups opposing the book have become increasingly violent, increasing the fear that they are up to cause harm. Nevertheless, Tobin gains a very strong admirer in Phoebe Strole, who is a niece to the motel manager (Rapp, 55). She is leading a

Organization and Group Process Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization and Group Process - Coursework Example The facilities that organizations use in the course of operation require a lot of monitoring so that they can remain relevant to the process and this requires the leadership or the management team to provide necessary resources to achieve the set goals. This necessary in all organization including the education department where there are various demands that leaders need to put into consideration to come up with strategies to enhance learning for all the students (Passino, 2004). In order to achieve a conducive learning environment for all students, district leader can apply various plans that will ensure that all of them can achieve the most out of their learning. This means the that a district leader will need to have a good understanding of the stakeholders of education in a certain environment in that they will understand the needs of all of them and come up with ways to address them specifically. In order to optimize the learning environment in a district, a leader will need to understand the norms of the people he or she is leaders so that to get the understanding of why people behave in certain ways while they are in the environment. This will ensure that the leader will be able to introduce a plan that will maximize on the various ways those stakeholders have been doing their own things. In order to optimize the learning environment, a district leader will need to understand the organizational structure of the learning institution he or she leads to come up with a plan through which he or she can make communication. The understanding of the organizational structure will ensure that a district leader will be able plan of the best way to ensure that information flows in efficient ways that will ensure that there are no delays and the target gets it with ease (Passino, 2004). To achieve the goal of creating and sustaining an optimal learning environment, there are different things that a district leader will need to carry out the necessary program evaluati on to determine them that are productive and others that may not be necessary. The evaluation will eliminate the unproductive program and optimize on those that give little results and ensure that they improve on the processes that are necessary in implementation of learning. The process of program evaluation will need to be carried out regularly to track on the progress of the programs that are introduced at different times in the course of evaluation and change. This will ensure that all the programs are able to optimize on the available resources that will ensure that minimum losses are made and that all that is invested resources produce the best at such conditions (Doyle, 2008). In the process of optimizing the learning environment, there are different principle and models through which leaders achieve the process of enhancing learning in a district. These models target to maximize the resources by providing a good platform for participation of all stakeholders as well as ensur ing a good control of conditions of that they implement to have the students benefit. One of the models through which a district leader can use to optimize on the learning environment is the action research model whereby the he or she seeks to obtain empirical data that can be used to inform the various things that happen in the organization. Through the action resear

Metal children Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Metal children - Movie Review Example This is a play that displays mixed themes, ranging from teenage sexuality, suicide, censorship and even murder. It adds the theme of religious conflict, where culture seems to conflict with the religious standings of the residents living in the heartland of America. There is a tag of war between the residents who have a liberal mind and a sense of cultural sophistication on one hand, and the self-righteous Christians who are closed minded, on the other hand. The play progresses with Tobin’s determination to fight his critics, eventually leading to a show between him and his critics, where the strict Christians and the non-liberal minded residents engage him in the unsuitability of his book (Rapp, 33). This twist is added by the young girls who are committed to copy the book’s heroine, through engaging in teenage sexuality activities, creating more stir in this society. The emotional instability of Tobin is revealed when he arrives at Midlothia, to attend a board meeting that is convened to discuss this issue. He is not in a state of sanity that can allow him to engage in a rational debate over the banning of his book. However, Tobin is impressed by the fact that everybody in the streets seems to know about his book. The book is so controversial that even the manager of the motel where the meeting is to take place, Edith, has been reading the book two times, and is now reading it for the third time, without being certain whether to support or be against the book (Rapp, 81). The situation is even worse for the English teacher, who has become the target of the vigilante groups opposing the book, following her passionate defense of the book and its writer. The groups opposing the book have become increasingly violent, increasing the fear that they are up to cause harm. Nevertheless, Tobin gains a very strong admirer in Phoebe Strole, who is a niece to the motel manager (Rapp, 55). She is leading a

Supply Chain Management in Tehindo Tea Manufacturing Company Case Study

Supply Chain Management in Tehindo Tea Manufacturing Company - Case Study Example The company has implemented a vertical integration model where a company within the Tehindo Corporate Organization supplies tea leaves, one of the main raw materials of producing their products especially the fruity tea. The company has big parts of land, which they grow tea thus supplying over eleven sale centers with various sales offices in Indonesia. Integrating the supplier’s actions on its own has become unachievable by several companies given the need for the company to minimize inventories and be able to deliver customers’ demands on time. This has been very helpful to the company since they have been able to concentrate more on the production and distribution sections of the company. The other responsibility of the manufacturers is ensuring that the products are safe at the design stage, where they can eliminate the hazards and any potential misuse in this stage. On the other hand, the manufacturer receives the raw materials from the suppliers and produces good s as per the market segment and those products that will satisfy the consumer needs. In addition, the manufacturers sometimes when they sell their goods direct to the consumers that they tend to control the prices of their products. The manufacturer also receives information from the distributors, wholesalers, and retailers about the products sales thus it becomes helpful in forecasting or making a decision of which product to invest more.The company has implemented a vertical integration model where a company within the Tehindo Corporate Organization supplies tea leaves

Military Dictatorship and Hieratical Political Leaders Essay Example for Free

Military Dictatorship and Hieratical Political Leaders Essay Military dictatorship and hieratical political leaders failed in Bangladesh Military dictatorship and hieratical political leaders failed in Bangladesh to institutionalize democracy and ensure development and liberty for the people. It looks like that we have to restart from the beginning. As early as 1965 the late Akhter hamid Khan of Comilla Academy had a vision to take government to the doorstep of common people through a local government and micro- enterprises under cooperative with management support from a rural based bureaucrats and reduce the revenue urden of the central government a corresponding reduction of members in the centralized bureaucratic administration. To invoke public propositions and opinion in this regard, the following few points have been innumerate to be further developed in future. . Bangladesh was liberated by the toiling masses at great sacrifices primarily by farmers, labors and students, though history did not credit them for their role and instead placed all laurels and benefits of the liberation war to the army, politicians, bureaucrats, greedy elitist and business community to whom all the ealth and privileges and legal concessions of all the Governments have been showered upon. Another liberation war is necessary to liberate real peoples and ensure their development. 2. points were fundamental basis of ensuring all right, entitlement Justice to peoples of a promised Sonar Bangla. On that same basis we have to restructure reform our executive Judicial functions with maximum autonomy power to local government leaving only such functions as National security, Foreign affairs, Currency, reserve bank federal financi al affairs, Planning upport and coordination, One integrated national Industrial corporation for development of Basic large Industries, One integrated R D council for development of Science and technology, with major emphasis on empirical research. One National Multimode integrated Transport Network System, One National IT Centre for networking all ministerial local government functions, archiving and retrieving data and information etc. 3. Democracy, Socialism, non-alignment and secularism were the basis of our constitution which was tempered and tailored many times by all Governments to suit certain specific objective of some leaders and their party. The basic principles of a constitution should be sealed for any amendment except through referendum only. The 1st constitution of Bangladesh had some clauses with embedded party interest such as preventive detention under article 33, unrestricted tenure for PM;s office article 57, Local Govt. structure and power as in article 59 60, blind following of party line as in article 70 and many others. Though all parties derive certain benefits from these, they must be recast to reflect public pinion on them. . The chapters and clauses on part VI Judiciary contains no structural, Judicial and procedural reforms to ensure dispensing timely Justice within affordable cost. The system has become single biggest obstacle towards prevention of vices and chapters and clauses on part IX Services of Bangladesh contains no structural and procedural reforms to convert the servants of the colonial masters to respectable employees of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Myopic planning, redtapism and fund crumpling are common causes of all or most project failures in Bangladesh. PSC failure to recruit proper personnel on the basis of personnel integrity, meritocracy, accountability and preference to generalist in place of function based specialist are major causes for rise of a elitist, high living and corrupt bureaucrats who hold every thread of power over political government and who will never allow local government function to be within control of elected local government as the same will hamper their financial interest. . Reorganization of Statutory bodies ; state owned enterprise, public undertakings including banking, securities, and non banking inancial enterprises in Bangladesh is essential as they have substantial bearing on our economy caused due to drainage of capital through loans given to be subsequently classified. Project failure and loss of employment, flight of capital and money laundering, low FDI, management failure, undisciplined labor, lack of accountability and transferency etc. 7. Prepare a total guide line proposal for long, medium and short term development plan for developing Bangladesh with a vision to raise it to a modern state with an egalitarian society by dismantling the existing horrible wealth gap between rich and poor.

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change ABSTRACT This dissertation will help to understand the reasons, why organizations change and its affect on the organizational structure. To comprehend the selected topic various secondary sources from the public domain has been taken. Information from these sources has been addressed under the heading literature review. It gives an overview of the triggers of change in the first section with special reference to role of the change agent in the change process, followed by a section how the organizational structure is affected by triggers of change. Next section addresses the contribution of the structure towards change followed by employees attitude to the change process. This literature review helped to understand already established concepts on the topic. And to realize the commercial application of the management theories two companies have been selected, Atari and Oticon. One of them changed its structure because of triggers in the external environment and it was successful and still perfo rming well but the other did not change and it perished. At the end this dissertation helped to look at the ways of making the changing process a subtle experience instead of making it a knee-jerk incident as suggested by many authors in the field. AIMS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES This dissertation is an attempt to examine the relevance of theoretical studies to real commercial situations. And it gives us an opportunity to demonstrate our understanding and application of the concepts and theories taught in the MSc programme. While undertaking this task it also tested our ability to exhibit business research skills and to make a clear presentation of findings. And finally at the end it allows us to do a critical evaluation of our future career path. METHODOLOGY As a part of MSc Management course work this dissertation is to be completed based on secondary research. And it consists of published journals, books, annual reports of the companies, corporate and other websites. Most of the published journals are available through the University of Glasgow library database belonging to different disciplines from psychology to management reviews. There are certain limitations and challenges faced during its completion like it did not allow any primary research which means restriction of work only through secondary research. But the availability of overwhelming amount of research works on the selected topic posed another challenge. It was challenging to sieve through it and extract the relevant information which would help to conclude the topic. Other challenges faced are the time limit of only four months, and word limit of maximum twelve thousand which is quite less to compress all the work from literature review, company history to analysis of ea ch part. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was the British naturalist who was renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection (www.lucidcafe.com). As the theory of natural selection suggests that in the biological world organisms develop certain characteristics that help them to survive in the environment. That is, the strongest survive in certain environmental conditions and these characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next through genes (www.allaboutscience.org). Change is inevitable and environment is changing at a much faster rate than anticipated, influencing all levels of the society, from individual to the corporate settings making the world a vibrant place to live. From organizational perspective, change in an organization can be triggered by advancement of technology, to the quest of the management to excel in the market. And to avoid annihilation one has to transform itself and adapt to its environment. To understand each aspect of change from organizational point of view will be an enormous task with amount of literature available. So the core focus will be to understand the triggers of change, role of a change agent in the changing process. The next aspect is to know why changes within the organization affect its structure. Subsequently the nature of change, that is how organizations change and finally the aspect of employees reaction to the change. And for a better understanding of all the aspects, first it is an attempt to understand the literature available on this topic and to comprehend their application in real life situation two companies have been chosen, Oticon and Atari as the case studies. LITERATURE REVIEW 5.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is an effort to study the research work done by various authors ranging from 1958 to 2008. The main topic of this research is to understand what makes organizations change and its consequences on the structure. It includes an introduction on various forms of triggers of change comprising of a discussion on the role of a change agent, its leadership style and power skills in the first section. The second section is about how change affects organizational structure. Next section consists of the nature of change that is, the type of change that organizations go through. And the last section deals with employees reaction to change with a discussion on Hofstedes work on culture. There has been an overwhelming amount of research work on different aspect of organizational change and it will be beyond the scope of this dissertation in terms of time and words to cover each topic. So it has been decided to get an overview on a part of organizational change as mentioned above. SECTION 5.1 TRIGGERS OF CHANGE This section would cover the reasons that might activate a change process in an organization. Some authors have classified trigger of change into groups based on their relation to the organization, while others have a more generalised view. Triggers of change have been categorized into external and internal triggers. External triggers would include change in customer needs, competition, innovative technology, new opportunities, change in social and cultural values, change in trading conditions, change in legislation and government policies (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000a). Scarcity of essential resources also results in change and can lead to formulation of new strategies, policies, rules and regulations, innovative ways of communication, encouraging team work, developing new technology which can lead to the change of the entire structure of the organization (Chackerian and Mavima, 2000). Globalization of marketplace, enhanced technologies, fierce competition, liberalization of economies, single European currency, electronic-trading, reduction of cost in production, information and transportation through economies of scale, supply chain integration (Daft, 2006), environmental awareness towards global warming, industrial waste disposal management, use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, health awareness towards obesity, diabetes etc making consumers move towards natural food from the synthetic ones, change in lifestyle due to increase in disposable income leading to the change in attitude towards work, leisure-time and society etc. Changing perspective towards work style from traditional to teleworking, outsourcing, advances in communication allows organization to be multinationals without leaving their own countries (Paton and McCalman, 2000a). Internal triggers would include appointment of a new senior executive, new and better ways of serving customers, infrastructure relocation, innovative product development (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000b). Presence of influential group within the organization can trigger change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996) or change in top hierarchy may lead to change through accepting and implementing innovation (Boeker, 1997a; Kraatz Moore, 2002). Change of managers within the hierarchy of the organization may lead to change (Boeker, 1997b), new responsibility can bring new motivation to do better and can lead to change through enhance learning, communication and introducing new technology etc (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007a). Organizations experience several types of triggers and thus implement several types of changes. It has been reported that 50% of organizations adapts changes due to crisis (Beddowes and Wille, 2007a). Organizational crisis can arise from external triggers such as competitors which can be a new firm or a rival, change in legislation, action of a stake holder by selling or buying a significant amount of shares, buy-out from an organisation etc (Eccles, 1994a). And 23% of organizations proactively change while anticipating threats and while doing so 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure. (Beddowes and Wille, 2007b). According to a study of 100 companies, majority showed re-structuring as successful, as there are examples of companies running in losses for millions of dollars for a decade and then turning into a profit making company in two years with evidence of effective work through teams and employee empowerment. So triggers of change can be financial losses leading to drop in profits which can attract new leadership and which may lead to changes in the structure (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001a), increased competition leading to loss of market share, industry in recession, appointment of new chief executive officer, proactive action (opportunities or threats foreseen), technological development and effective ways of staff utilisation (Beddowes and Wille, 2007c). According to Champy and Nohria (1996) there are three major triggers of change; technology, government and globalization. Technology especially information technology has transformed business in many different ways. For example e-banking has opened new strategies for the banks of doing their business electronically and over the net, giving better access to customers with personalised services. Another example is the use of information technology in the field of publishing of research journals. It has helped in speeding up the process of research and its publication. The government role as a trigger of change is by changing the policies which affects businesses. Deregulation, privatisation and free trade etc are opening up new ways for businesses and encouraging them to change their strategies. This type of change in government policies has been termed as regulatory punctuation which gives organizations new opportunities for expansion (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001b). Another trigger of change is the observable fact of globalization. It has helped in developing new concepts of this century like outsourcing and forced companies to work in virtual environment. Change can be a powerful energizer and creative force which can be good and would lead to development of innovative ways of getting a competitive advantage as well as bad with callous demands on employees and other measures like downsizing for cost cutting etc. As mentioned earlier organizations appoint change agent to deal with external triggers which leads to internal changes in the organization. There is evidence that 16% of changes takes place due to appointment of new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with characteristics like charismatic personality, with a clear idea of what and how changes are to be made, capable of taking a holistic view of the organization and who believes in team work (Beddowes and Wille, 2007d). Managers do play a crucial role in planning and in implementing organizational change (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007b). For effective implementation of change there are three factors that need to be considered, the attitude, motivation and mind set of the change agent designing the change (Newman, 1973a). Previous research suggests that there exists a difference in the role of a change agent in the public sector and the private sector organizations. For example, there is significant amount of work directing towards the fact that public organizations although show more resistance to change but they often change according to Peters and Hogwood (1988) cited in Fernandez and Pitts (2007c). But some authors argued that organizational change has little to do with managerial leadership. As suggested by Hannan and Freeman (1984a) organizations survive because they are strong enough for a particular environment marked by size, age and complexity of the organization. But an organization stands for collective work of individuals and groups to fulfil the objectives and goal through set of rules, which needs direction and vision which is the responsibility of the organizational leader (Burke, 2002). And in order to influence individuals to work collectively towards a common goal is a complex task in itself on the part of the organizational leader. As stated influence is the essence of leadership (Yulk, 2002: P 141). The role of a change agent becomes effective when there is adequate leadership skill or influencing power to let others follow the vision and reach the goal. There is a list of twelve traits which consist of strong drive for responsibility , focus on completing the task , vigorous and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in problem solving drive to exercise initiative in social settings, self-confidence , sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration and delays, ability to influence the behaviour of others, capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand according to Stogdill (1950, 1954) cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007c). While studying American executives, 15 indispensible leadership traits were identified, which are judgement, initiative, integrity , foresight, energy, drive, human relations skill, decisiveness, dependability, emotional stability, fairness, ambition, dedication, objectivity and co-operation according to Stewart (1963) and there are as many as 80 leadership traits, identified in various studies as cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007d). As leadership is all about influential skills or power skills on the part of the change agent so that the vision of the change is followed by others (followers). The power to influence others measures the extent of leadership value (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007e). At individual level power can be seen as a motivational tool when an individual tries to control and influence events and when this is manifested in terms of observable action by others then power is seen as a behavioural aspect. Power in behavioural terms has been divided into eight categories reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, expert power (French and Raven, 1958a), informative, affiliation and group power (Benfari, et.al, 1986a). Reward power describes the ability to influence others in such a manner that followers believe the leader have the capacity to offer valuable reward or incentive in return of the obedience shown to the leaders demand. Coercive nature of power shows that the leader has the capacity to punish in the form of penalties and sanctions in return of noncompliance to the leaders demand. Referent power describes the ability of the leader to control by his/her enigmatic personality. Power is said to be of legitimate nature based on the authoritative position of the leader which is followed by the others as a compulsion. And the expert power which is described by its name that leader has expert knowledge and experience to make other people follow the instructions as it is regarded as of superior nature (French and Raven, 1958b). Informative power is similar to expert power and describes the leader to have undisclosed information crucial to the organization which makes the leader superior and thus followed by others. Affiliation power shows the leader to have strong relations with influential figures in the organization and society and thus followed on this basis. And the last category is the group power which is associated with the leaders ability to lead a team or group with sharing of power and responsibilities. All the eight categories are perceived either as positive (P+), beneficial or negative (P-) as exploitation or mixed response (P+ and P-) by the receiving party according to its characteristics. For example reward and referent power are received as P+. Coercion and information form of power as P-(Benfari, et.al, 1986b). But all are situational that is they have different influential power when used under different situation and the most effective leadership style that has emerged with time is the g roup power with sharing of power between the leader and others, as it can give the feeling of responsibility to take decision which can be rewarding (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007f). Summary So in brief triggers are mainly external that pressurises organizations to undertake internal changes. And it is a crucial responsibility of the change leader to assess the external situation and act accordingly so that the internal changes are done in a subtle way. When an organization becomes successful in making the relevant changes and performs well, it will pose a threat to other organizations and thus trigger another set of changes taking the course of a chain reaction. But why does an organization has to change its structure? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3. 2 Affect of change on the organizational structure As mentioned earlier 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure (Beddowes and Wille, 2007e) while adopting internal changes. The structure of an organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.(Mintzberg, 1979a: 2) According to Newman (1973b: xiii) Organization is a system for enabling people to reach or attempt to reach certain objectives and it involves the use of resources to carry out activities towards those objectives. The basic features of an organization involve presence of objective(s), people and the environment in which it operates. Objective(s) would be the reason behind its existence, people working in an organization communicate, coordinate with occasional conflicts carry out activities in an organised way which is in par with the objective(s) of the overall organization. And these objective(s) are the opportunities and constraints provided by the environment, within which an organization exists. In order to survive, an organization must be able to understand the environment i.e. its complex surroundings and establish a relation with the trading market, products and services, suppliers, finances, customer preferences, competitors, employees, government policies, social settings, c ulture etc which would eventually help it to formulate the objective(s). Organization tends to establish relationship between people, units, roles etc with a degree of consistency embracing all the relationships which is the basic source of structure for an organization. The three basic features of organization that demands the need of a structure are first is the organizations desired activity in order to fulfil its objective(s) through effective use of available resources, second, the way of carrying out its activities i.e. the process and the third is the behaviour of the people working for the organization while carrying out the first two features. The function of a structure is to give stability, consistency, by holding things together giving it a form and reducing randomness while outlining its operations. The design of the structure must facilitate the fulfilment of the organizational objective(s). The conventional forms of organization design were the functional form, the e xecutive or administrative form and line or staff form. The functional form of the structure reflects the kind of function performed by the people. As required, new positions are developed along with new divisions or departments. But as complexity of work increases and it requires more coordination among divisions this structure becomes inadequate otherwise this form works well for independent work in each divisions. TOP MANAGEMENT DIVISION A DIVISION B DIVISION C DIVISION D Source: The Functional Form (Newman, 1972c:81) The administrative form separates the organizations actual work and the internal management of the organization. As it is difficult to separate the executive side of the organization which is more result orientated and the administrative side of the organization which controls the resources . Communication plays an important role in coordinating between the two; otherwise it can give rise to conflicts. The line or staff form shows relationship between the operation and the people within the organization that is, work demand and it is an extension of the executive form. One problem faced in this form is the control of managers over the subordinates and another is the orientation of the structure to the kind of work the organization is engaged with. For example line structure can be marketing orientated, sales orientated and so on. But as demand from the environment increases there is a need for multi-functional structure. The inadequacies of the conventional forms led to the formation of the new structure called the matrix form. TOP MANAGEMENT FACILITIES STRUCTURE OUTPUT STRUCTURE Source: Matrix Form (Newman, 1972d:85) Matrix structure is task based or project based that is, based on work demand. It is flexible as it changes according to the project or task at hand. And this type became popular among organizations dealing with large projects like civil engineering, research and development organizations etc. This structure deals with two basic objectives, first is the output of the organization and second is the ability to produce the output. Both are interconnected and interdependent on each other with the top management being responsible for its control and ensuring efficient utilization of resources. As it is project specific, unutilised resources needs to be reallocated or used for training etc. According to Mintzberg (1979b) there are five basic elements of a structure, mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work process, work outputs and worker skills and these hold the organization together. Mutual adjustment is achieved through informal communication while coordinating work. Direct supervision is the process of scrutinizing and instructing others work by an individual which again ensures mutual adjustment. Standardization of work process, output and worker skills can be achieved when they are precisely specified. In complex organizational environment these five factors work in a loop. Standardization Work Process Of Output Mutual Adjustment Mutual Adjustment Direct Supervision Worker Skills Source: The coordination mechanism among the five basic elements of a structure. (Mintzberg, 1979c: P 7) Organizational change reflects re-organization in the structure of the organization which includes the patterns of roles, policies and procedures which affects the relationship between them and thus affects the structure. The change can be due to new customer preferences, new work requirements, new strategies etc. In order to have an effective process of change, reviewing of the consequences of change is necessary and making relevant adjustments to the structure and policies from the results. The second factor is the change itself and for effective change it is necessary to have adequate information from the past and present as change begins with the analysis of these situations. As change means weakening of old or existing relationships and strengthening new ones and a critical situation is reached when old ties are weakened and new ties are not strong enough. Problems are faced when relationships between various factors in an organisation which were compatible in the old situation becomes incompatible in the new situation. So it is important to develop all the factors in such a way that will reinforce rather than inhibiting peoples work. For an organization to be effective, its structure, policies etc should enhance peoples output and attitude towards change. The third factor is the development of the relationship between the people and the new settings. This can be done by effective communication, consultation, discussion, participation among the employees and involving people in the change process (Newman, 1973e). According to Greiner (1972) as cited in Meredith and Mantel (2003) an organization tends to develop a structure whilst growing and adding resources and establishing relationship between them and at the core is the specialization factor of the human element of the organization. The structure remains stable till it facilitates the completion of the task but if there is change in the nature of the task due to any of the above mentioned triggers of change, and the present structure hinders the completion of the new task, it will indicate a need for change and which affects the structure of the organization. According to Chandler (1962a) organizational structure reflects the health of an organization. Structure is defined as the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered (p: 14). The design has two aspects, first is the line of control and communication between various units and people working in them and second aspect is the flow of information within these lines. And these two aspects are essential to fulfil the organizational goal. Structure follows the strategy of the organization, for example when an organization decides to expand and increase the number of offices; it requires more administrative infrastructure and people to handle it and thus changes the structure. Again if an organization has overseas expansion plans it will have departments and headquarters to administer its individual units. Diversification to new type of function or vertical integration will attract a multi-departmental structure with a central main office. Diversification into new product line will be supported by multi-divisional structure with a general office to control the divisions. This multidivisional structure would attract decentralisation of authority from the centralised control in departmental structure. The coordination and control of business units takes place through centralisation and decentralisation form of decision making. Centralization means power to control and coordinate resides in one person while decentralisation means division of power into many individuals. Research shows cognitive limitation in centralized decision making as it involves only one person and organizations face many complex situations. And a rational way of making decisions in such situations is through decentralisation. Other benefits of decentralisation are that it allows better understanding of the environment and it facilitates innovation and creativity as it involves many brains (Mintzberg, 1979d). According to Drucker (1988) as soon as a company changes its strategy from paper work to electronic mode it starts affecting the decision process, management structure, over all way of working style of the organization eventually affecting the organizational structure. And this includes change from command and control mode of working in departments and divisions into information based organization of knowledge specialists. According to Burns and Stalker (1961) as cited in Mintzberg (1979e), that if the environment is volatile the organizations have to have a flexible and an organic structure in order to adapt itself to changing environment but if the environment is stable organizations can have bureaucratic structures performing routine and standardised tasks. Organizations have adopted flat, flexible structure which emphasizes on empowerment and team work culture in order to cope up with the changing nature of the environment. Successful organizations show involvement of employees in decision making and also as a part of the change the organization needs (Piderit, 2000a). As stated by Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Meadows (1980a) organic structure has the following characteristics, team work to complete a common task, no fixed rules or methods to accomplish the task, periodic re-examine of the task so that it can be readjusted according to demands of the surroundings through communication, consultative nature of communication instead of autocratic nature, closely knitted network of communication, devotion towards the organization and the task and appreciation for intellectual and technological soundness. Summary Organizational structure is the reflection of its internal relationship between all its resources (people and work) which are constantly influenced by the external factors. And thus when an organization makes internal changes in order to cope up with the external triggers eventually changes its structure. Organizations need to have a flexible structure (organic) so that it can adapt to the environment which is volatile in nature due to external triggers. And as suggested growth without structural adjustment can lead to economic failure (Chandler, 1962b; p: 16). The next question that arises is that does the structure of the organization affects or facilitates changes within an organization? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3.3 Nature of change While organizations adapt to environment, structure plays an important role, if the inherent nature of the structure is flexible then changes are easily done otherwise it poses a threat to both the process and content of change. Organizational change is the difference in organizational features measured over a period of time. Organizational features can range from functions performed by individuals or organizational subunits or relationship among other organizations and the environment (Van de Ven, 2004a). Organizational theories are either focused on the content of change or process of change. Barnett and Carroll (1995a) have suggested a distinction between process and content aspect of the changing organizations. Content refers to the element of the organization that changes and process refers to the actual course of action or procedure that is adopted to make those changes. The outcomes of both content and process changes have different effects on the organization although there is a clear interaction between them. Types of changes due to various triggers can be at various levels. For example, at organisational level, change may occur in the culture and structure of the organization with new work practices, emphasising on training and team work, introducing new reward systems and innovative ways of communication etc. Another prominent type of changing is through cost cutting measures like staff reduction or downsizing. Market led issues may lead to customer orientated focus with new products with better quality, adapting innovative technology (Beddowes and Wille, 2007f). A similar list suggested by Van De Ven (2004b) consists of structural change featuring decentralization or centralization; functional change in strategies to bring new and better products and services; compositional change featuring downsizing and recruitment, resource allocation; change in relationship between organization units through effective communication, exchange of resources across units; change in boundary through bus iness expansion or contraction using mergers, acquisition, joint ventures etc; environmental changes due to resource scarcity etc, and lastly change in performance showing profitability, job satisfaction etc. These comprises of the content aspect of the organization change.